GCSE Mathematics  ›  M1.3 Indices, surds and standard form

Indices, surds and standard form

Free AQA GCSE Mathematics practice questions on Indices, surds and standard form. Sample questions below with detailed mark schemes — sign up to practise the full set with spaced repetition.

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Evaluate — 2 marks

A scientist is studying the mass of particles in a laboratory experiment. She measures the mass of a single carbon atom as 1.99 × 10⁻²⁶ kg. She needs to calculate the total mass of a sample containing 5 × 10²³ carbon atoms.

  1. Evaluate (1.99 × 10⁻²⁶) × (5 × 10²³). Give your answer in standard form. [2 marks]
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Explain — 4 marks

A scientist is studying the spread of bacteria in a laboratory sample. The initial population is 2.5 × 10³ cells. After each hour, the population multiplies by a factor of 2². The scientist needs to express very large numbers and understand how the population grows.

  1. The bacteria population after 3 hours can be calculated using the expression: 2.5 × 10³ × (2²)³. Explain why the exponent in the bracket is cubed. [1 mark]
  2. Simplify 2.5 × 10³ × (2²)³ and express your answer in standard form. [2 marks]
  3. Explain why expressing the final answer in standard form (rather than as an ordinary number) is useful when dealing with very large populations in scientific research. [1 mark]
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Show — 3 marks

A company installs solar panels on houses. The area of one solar panel is 2.5 × 10⁻¹ m². A house needs enough panels to cover a total area of 1.5 × 10¹ m².

  1. (01.1) Show that the number of solar panels needed is 60. [2 marks]
  2. (01.2) Each solar panel costs £3.2 × 10². Show that the total cost for 60 panels is £1.92 × 10⁴. [1 mark]
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  • (01.1) Method: 1.5 × 10¹ ÷ 2.5 × 10⁻¹ or equivalent
  • (01.1) Correct calculation leading to 60
  • (01.2) Correct multiplication: 60 × 3.2 × 10² = 192 × 10² = 1.92 × 10⁴

Explain — 2 marks

A mathematics student is revising index laws for an exam. They are practising simplifying expressions using the rules of indices instead of calculating large numbers directly.

  1. (01.1) Simplify fully $5^8 \div 5^3$ [1 mark]
  2. (01.2) Explain how you can use a rule of indices to find the answer to part 01.1 without working out the value of $5^8$ or $5^3$ [1 mark]
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  • (01.1) $5^5$ or 3125
  • (01.2) States that when dividing powers with the same base, subtract the indices/powers
  • (01.2) e.g. $8 - 3 = 5$ so $5^{8-3} = 5^5$

State — 4 marks

A computer server stores data in bytes. The capacity of one hard drive is $2^{40}$ bytes. A data centre contains $2^{10}$ identical hard drives.

  1. (01.1) State $2^{40}$ in standard form. [2 marks]
  2. (01.2) State the total storage capacity of all the hard drives in the data centre, giving your answer as a single power of 2. [2 marks]
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  • (01.1) $2^{40} = 1099511627776$ or equivalent calculation shown
  • (01.1) $1.099511627776 \times 10^{12}$ or $1.1 \times 10^{12}$ (accept $1.0995... \times 10^{12}$)
  • (01.2) Correct method: $2^{40} \times 2^{10}$ or $2^{40+10}$ seen
  • (01.2) $2^{50}$
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