Changes of state and the particle model

Compare — 5 marks

A student is investigating the properties of water in different states of matter. They observe ice melting in a beaker on a hot plate and steam rising from boiling water. They want to understand how the particle arrangement and movement differ between these states.

Compare the arrangement of particles in ice and liquid water. [2 marks]
Compare the movement of particles in liquid water and steam. [2 marks]
Explain why ice has a fixed shape but steam does not, using your knowledge of particle arrangement. [1 mark]

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Describe — 2 marks

A student is making ice cream at home. They place a mixture of cream and sugar into a metal bowl and surround it with a mixture of ice and salt. After 20 minutes, the mixture in the bowl has changed from a liquid to a solid.

Describe what happens to the arrangement of particles as the ice cream mixture changes from a liquid to a solid. [2 marks]

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Define — 3 marks

A student is investigating the water cycle in a sealed container. They heat water in a beaker and observe steam rising. After several hours, they notice water droplets forming on the inside of the container lid.

Define the term 'evaporation'. [1 mark]
Define the term 'condensation'. [1 mark]
Explain why the water droplets on the lid provide evidence that both evaporation and condensation have occurred in the sealed container. [1 mark]

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Compare — 5 marks

Describe — 2 marks

Define — 3 marks

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